BAÑGATE, Julius, DUGDALE, Julie, ADAM, Carole and BECK, Elise, (2017), A Review on the Influence of Social Attachment on Human Mobility during Crises, PAPER ACCEPTED to the 14th International Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM), Albi, FRANCE. May 21-24, 2017. [17 pages]
ABSTRACT
Human behaviour during crisis evacuations is social in nature. In particular, social attachment theory posits that proximity of familiar people, places, objects, etc. promotes calm and a feeling of safety, while their absence triggers panic or flight. In closely bonded groups such as families, members seek each other and evacuate as one. This makes attachment bonds necessary in the development of realistic models of mobility during crises. In this paper, we present a review of evacuation behaviour, theories on social attachment, crises mobility, and agent-based models. We found that social attachment influences mobility in the different stages of evacuation (pre, during and post). Based on these findings, we intend to develop a multi-agent model of mobility during seismic crises, using the belief, desire and intention (BDI) agent architecture.
KEYWORDS: Multi agent modelling, social attachment, affiliation, human behaviour, mobility
REFERENCES
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Adams, A. P. M. and Galea, E. R. (2011). “An Experimental Evaluation of Movement Devices Used to Assist People with Reduced Mobility in High-Rise Building Evacuations”. In: Pedestrian Evacuation Dynamics.
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Averill, Jason D., Mileti, Dennis S., Peacock, Richard D., Kuligowski, Erica D., Groner, Norman, Proulx, Guylene, Reneke, Paul A., and Nelson, Harold E. (2005). Occupant Behavior, Egress, and Emergency Communications, Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster. Tech. rep. NCSTAR 1-7. Washington, DC: National Institue of Standards and Technology (NIST).
Beck, Elise, Dugdale, Julie, Truong, Hong Van, Adam, Carole, and Colbeau-Justin, Ludivina (2014). “Crisis mobility of pedestrians: from survey to modelling; lessons from Lebanon and Argentina”. In: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management in Mediterranean Countries,Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing 196, pp. 57–70.
Beckes, Lane and Coan, James A. (2011). “Social Baseline Theory: The Role of Social Proximity in Emotion and Economy of Action”. In: Social and Personality Psychology Compass 5.12, pp. 976–988.
Beckes, Lane and Coan, James A. (2015). “The Distress-Relief Dynamic in Attachment Bonding”. In: Bases of Adult Attachment: Linking Brain, Mind and Behaviour. Ed. by Vivian Zayas and Cindy Hazan. New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 11–33.
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Comes, T. (2016). “Cognitive biases in humanitarian sensemaking and decision-making lessons from field research”. In: 2016 IEEE International Multi-Disciplinary Conference on Cognitive Methods in Situation Awareness and Decision Support (CogSIMA), pp. 56–62.
Daamen, W. and Hoogendorn, S.P. (2011). “Emergency Door Capacity: Influence of Population Composition and Stress Level”. In: Pedestrian Evacuation Dynamics.
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ABSTRACT
Human behaviour during crisis evacuations is social in nature. In particular, social attachment theory posits that proximity of familiar people, places, objects, etc. promotes calm and a feeling of safety, while their absence triggers panic or flight. In closely bonded groups such as families, members seek each other and evacuate as one. This makes attachment bonds necessary in the development of realistic models of mobility during crises. In this paper, we present a review of evacuation behaviour, theories on social attachment, crises mobility, and agent-based models. We found that social attachment influences mobility in the different stages of evacuation (pre, during and post). Based on these findings, we intend to develop a multi-agent model of mobility during seismic crises, using the belief, desire and intention (BDI) agent architecture.
KEYWORDS: Multi agent modelling, social attachment, affiliation, human behaviour, mobility
REFERENCES
Adam, Carole and Gaudou, Benoit (2016). “BDI agents in social simulations: a survey”. In: Knowledge Engineering Review.
Adams, A. P. M. and Galea, E. R. (2011). “An Experimental Evaluation of Movement Devices Used to Assist People with Reduced Mobility in High-Rise Building Evacuations”. In: Pedestrian Evacuation Dynamics.
Aguirre, B. E., Wenger, Dennis, and Vigo, Gabriela (1998). “A Test of the Emergent Norm Theory of Collective Behavior”. In: Sociological Forum 13.2, pp. 301–320.
Aguirre, Benigno (1983). “Evacuation as population mobility”. In: International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 1.3.
Ainsworth, Mary S. (1989). “Attachments beyond infancy”. In: American Psychologist 44.4, pp. 709–716.
Alexander, David (1990). “Behavior during earthquakes: A Southern Italian example”. In: International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 8.1, pp. 5 –29.
Anton, Charis E. and Lawrence, Carmen (2014). “Home is where the heart is: The effect of place of residence on place attachment and community participation”. In: Journal of Environmental Psychology 40, pp. 451 –461.
Averill, Jason D., Mileti, Dennis S., Peacock, Richard D., Kuligowski, Erica D., Groner, Norman, Proulx, Guylene, Reneke, Paul A., and Nelson, Harold E. (2005). Occupant Behavior, Egress, and Emergency Communications, Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster. Tech. rep. NCSTAR 1-7. Washington, DC: National Institue of Standards and Technology (NIST).
Beck, Elise, Dugdale, Julie, Truong, Hong Van, Adam, Carole, and Colbeau-Justin, Ludivina (2014). “Crisis mobility of pedestrians: from survey to modelling; lessons from Lebanon and Argentina”. In: Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management in Mediterranean Countries,Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing 196, pp. 57–70.
Beckes, Lane and Coan, James A. (2011). “Social Baseline Theory: The Role of Social Proximity in Emotion and Economy of Action”. In: Social and Personality Psychology Compass 5.12, pp. 976–988.
Beckes, Lane and Coan, James A. (2015). “The Distress-Relief Dynamic in Attachment Bonding”. In: Bases of Adult Attachment: Linking Brain, Mind and Behaviour. Ed. by Vivian Zayas and Cindy Hazan. New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 11–33.
Bengston, S., Kecklund, L., Siré, E., Angrée, K., and Willander, S. (2011). “How Do People with Disabilities Consider Fire Safety and Evacuation Possibilities in Historical Buildings?” In: Pedestrian Evacuation Dynamics.
Bernardini, Gabriel, D’Orazio, Marco, and Quagliarini, Enrico (2016). “Towards a behavioural design approach for seismic risk reduction strategies of buildings and their environment”. In: Safety Science 86, pp. 273–294.
Bohannon, Richard W. (1997). “Comfortable and maximum walking speed of adults aged 20-79 years: reference values and determinants”. In: Age and Ageing 26.1, pp. 15–19.
Bowlby, John (1982). Attachment and Loss, Volume I. Attachment. Basic Books.
Bowlby, John (1988). A Secure Base, Parent-Child Attachment and Healthy Human Development. Basic Books.
Boyce, K. E., Shields, T. J., and Silcock, G. W. H. (1999). “Toward the Characterization of Building Occupancies for Fire Safety Engineering: Capabilities of Disabled People Moving Horizontally and on an Incline”. In: Fire Technology 35.1, pp. 51–67.
Bretherton, Inge (1994). “A century of developmental psychology”. In: ed. by Ross D. Parke, Peter A. Ornstein, John J. Rieser, and Carolyn Zahn-Waxler. American Psychological Association. Chap. The Origins of Attachment Theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth, pp. 431–471.
Choi, J., Hwang, H., and Hong, W. (2011). “Predicting the Probability of Evacuation Congestion Occurrence Relating to Elapsed Time and Vertical Congestion in a High Rise Building”. In: Pedestrian Evacuation Dynamics.
Chu, Mei Ling (2015). “A Computational Framework Incorporating Human and Social Behaviors for Occupant Centric Egress Simulation”. PhD thesis. United States of America: Stanford University.
Chu, Mei Ling, Pan, Xiaoshan, and Law, Kincho (2011). “Incorporating social behaviors in egress simulation”. In: Proceedings of 2011 Computing in Civil Engineering Workshop, pp. 19–22.
Chu, Mei Ling, Parigi, Paolo, Law, Kincho, and Latombe, Jean-Claude (2014). “SAFEgress: A Flexible Platform to Study the Effect of Human and Social Behaviors on Egress Performance”. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Simulation for Architecture & Urban Design. SimAUD ’14. San Diego, CA, USA: Society for Computer Simulation International, 4:1–4:8.
Cialdini, Robert B. (2006). “Influence: The Psychology of Persuation Revised Edition”. In: Harper Collins ebooks. Chap. Social Proof: Truths Are Us, pp. 87–125.
Coan, James A. (2008). “Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Implications, 2nd Edition”. In: ed. by Jude Cassidy and Philip R. Shaver. The Guilford Press, NY. Chap. Toward a Neuroscience of Attachment, pp. 241–265.
Cocking, C., Drury, J., and Reicher, S. (2007). “The Psychology of Crowd Behaviour in Emergency Evacuations: Results from two interview studies and implications for the Fire and Rescue Service”. In: Psychology and the Fire and Rescue Service Irish Journal of Psychology.
Comes, T. (2016). “Cognitive biases in humanitarian sensemaking and decision-making lessons from field research”. In: 2016 IEEE International Multi-Disciplinary Conference on Cognitive Methods in Situation Awareness and Decision Support (CogSIMA), pp. 56–62.
Daamen, W. and Hoogendorn, S.P. (2011). “Emergency Door Capacity: Influence of Population Composition and Stress Level”. In: Pedestrian Evacuation Dynamics.
Daamen, Winnie, Duives, Dorine C., Hoogendoorn, Serge P., Bernardini, Gabriele, D’Orazio, Marco, Quagliarini, Enrico, and Spalazzi, Luca (2014a). “The Conference on Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2014 (PED 2014), 22-24 October 2014, Delft, The Netherlands An Agent-based Model for Earthquake Pedestrians’ Evacuation Simulation in Urban Scenarios”. In: Transportation Research Procedia 2, pp. 255 –263.
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